Aleyrodidae and frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Whitefly bemisia tabaci management program for ornamental plants 4 chemical control if not selected correctly, chemicals can only provide a limited level of whitefly control. Twenty years ago in 1986, florida experienced outbreaks of what is now known as bemisia tabaci biotype b, first in greenhouse poinsettia, then in a wide diversity of vegetable, ornamental and. The whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius as a vector of african cassava mosaic virus at the kenya coast and ways in which the yield losses in cassava, manihot esculenta crantz caused by the virus can be reduced volume 8 special issue i. This pest was first described as aleyrodes tabaci from tobacco in greece in 1889. Cuthbertson ags, mathers jj, northing p, luo weiqi, walters kfa, 2007. The whitefly, bemisia tabaci, is one of the most prolific pests of vegetables and ornamentals throughout the world.
Bemisia tabaci whitefly infestations and the subsequent transfer of viruses are the cause of severe losses in crop production and horticultural practice. The body and both pairs of wings are covered with a white, powdery, waxy secretion. The tobacco whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius homoptera. Various fungal pathogen and insecticide treatments also were compared within each irrigation regime. The whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius as a vector of. Bemisia tabaci biotype b slwf tomato lycopersicon spp capsicum capsicum annum eggplant solanum melongena whitefly management monitoring the crop should be visually inspected for signs of whitefly infestation, looking out for suspicious plants that look stunted or chlorotic. Scientists in florida soon realized that this species. December 38, 2006 z duck key, florida usa i welcome to the 4th international bemisia workshop. Apr 11, 2006 the past three decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in the whitefly bemisia tabaci, owing to its nature as a taxonomically cryptic species, the damage it causes to a large number of herbaceous plants because of its specialized feeding in the phloem, and to its ability to serve as a vector of plant viruses. The sweetpotato whitefly bemisia tabaci is one of the more pestiferous of the group.
Aleyrodidae which occurs in various parts of the world, has developed a high degree of resistance against several chemical classes of insecticide, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The whitefly bemisia tabaci gennadius biotype q is an efficient vector of tomato yellow leafcurl virus tylcv, the principal cause of damage in tomato, and also causes direct injury to pepper. Ministry of agriculture and natural resources june ly85. In 1986, bemisia tabaci gennadius was found attacking an array or ornamental plants in florida greenhouses. Scientific opinion on the risks to plant health posed by. Hence, perhaps both pests can be controlled simultaneously by this predator. Final program agenda 4th international bemisia workshop sunday, december 3, 2006 5. Several researchers evaluated fungal pathogens for the control of b.
Moreover to the primary endosymbiont portiera aleyrodidarum, six secondary endosymbionts cardinium, arsenophonus, rickettsia, wolbachia, hamiltonella and fritschea are known in b. Introduction bemisia tabaci gennadius is a species complex composed of at least 36 biotypes hu et al. Chemical class rotations for control of bemisia tabaci. Bemisia tabaci bemitadocuments eppo global database.
Ellsworthb a usdaars, aridland agricultural research center, 21881 north cardon lane, maricopa, az 858, usa buniversity of arizona, department of entomology, maricopa agricultural center, 37860 west smithenke road, maricopa, az 858, usa. Quantifying conservation biological control for management. Abstractendosymbionts are vital factor for arthropod ecology. The mix of headspace volatiles, collected from naturally repellent wild tomato accessions, influenced b. Control strategies for whitefly as a vector for cassava viral. Cuthbertson ags, head j, walters kfa, murray awa, 2003. A series of field experiments were conducted to evaluate bemisia tahaci genn. Climatic matching and prerelease performance evaluation were useful predictors of parasitoid establishment in a retrospective analysis of a classical biological control program against bemisia tabaci biotype b in the usa. Soon similar outbreaks were reported from other states and. It rose to global prominence in the 1980s owing to the global invasion by the commonly named b biotype. Aleyrodidae has demonstrated the ability to develop higher levels of insecticide resistance than b. Chemical control \of the whitelty bemisia tabaci gennadius, and its effect on tomato yellow leaf. Bemisia tabaci, greenhouse, insectproof net, prevention and control technique, tomato chlorosis virus. The draft genome of whitefly bemisia tabaci meam1, a global.
These insects can reduce crop yield in a number of ways. Ellsworthb a usdaars, aridland agricultural research center, 21881 north cardon lane, maricopa, az 858, usa. The virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against bemisia tabaci. Structure of the whitefly bemisia tabaci hemiptera. The bemisia tabaci complex is polyphagous and now attacks many crops, but without significant impact on land use. Among these white fly, bemisia tabaci, jassids, thrips and aphids are economically important insect pests of sesame crop shaukat, 2004. The invasive whitefly species bemisia tabaci med gennadius hemiptera. The program provides guidance on best management practices, including scouting, sanitation, exclusion, biological control, and. Med wf detections 2016 includes the first residential landscape and field detections pdf file. Any effects on biodiversity would result indirectly from an increased use of insecticides against this pest. The silverleaf whitefly bemisia tabaci, also informally referred to as the sweet potato whitefly is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. Among the various insect pests of sesame, whitefly bemisia tabaci gennadius nymphs and adults are a serious pest of sesame crop, they suck cell sap from leaves, flower and pods. Bernisia tabaci is believed to be a species complex, with a number of recognised biotypes and two described extant cryptic species.
Whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius plant sap feeding insect. At least 24 sibling species within the bemisia tabaci species complex occur in most parts of the world, with different centers of origin. Bemisia tabaci adults figs 1 and 8 are about 1 mm long, the male is slightly smaller than the female. The activity of natural enemies can be exploited by employing proper conservation and augmentation techniques. April 2018 managing silverleaf whitefly in australian cotton. Biological control of bemisia tabaci using predators and. The present studies were done in order to monitor the susceptibility of whitefly. Management of this pest in protected culture of these crops in southern spain has relied primarily on chemical control. Postrelease evaluation of biological control of bemisia. Pdf management of bemisia tabaci whiteflies researchgate. The integrated use of chemical insecticides and the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae, for the control of sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci. Twenty years ago in 1986, florida experienced outbreaks of what is now known as bemisia tabaci biotype b, first in greenhouse poinsettia, then in a wide diversity of vegetable, ornamental and agronomic crops throughout the state. The contribution of conservation biological control to integrated control of bemisia tabaci in cottonq steven e.
The role of specific tomato volatiles in tomatowhitefly. Insecticidal control and resistance management for bemisia. Since then, the concomitant eruption of a group of plant viruses known as begomoviruses has created considerable management problems in many countries. Until 1986, the primary pest species was the greenhouse whitefly ghwf, trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood. Whitefly bemisia tabaci management program for ornamental plants 3 economic impacts of whitefly invasion, a consortium of entomologists from different organizations developed the whitefly management program in 2006. Small rnas from bemisia tabaci are transferred to solanum. Thompson 6 interaction of bemisia tabaci with east african cassava. Review article biological control of bemisia tabaci using. Assessment of bacterial endosymbionts and the host. It has the ability to contaminate cotton lint with honeydew, has a large host range, can rapidly reproduce and can develop. Following a request from the european commission, the panel on plant health was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks posed by. Nochoice ovipositional nonpreference of bemisia tabaci.
Cassava whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius hemiptera. In hawaii, it was first found at pearl city, oahu in october 1982. Considerable research has been done on the taxonomy of bemisia tabaci, and perring 2001 proposed 7 distinct groups within the complex. Control strategies for whitefly as a vector for cassava. Several species of parasitoid wasps have also proven to be effective biological control agents. Aleyrodidae is among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. The initial characterization of variant forms of b. A fungi, verticillium lecaniis registrated as a biological agent which can control thrips palmi and greenhouse whitefly at a same time saito, influence of foliar pubescence on incidence and parasitism of bemisia argentifolii homoptera. As one of the most important crop pests and virus vectors, b. The contribution of conservation biological control to.
Development of bemisia tabaci meam1 and med on tomato. I resistance and resistance management monitoring changes in. Historically, bemisia tabaci has been difficult to control with conventional insecticides in agronomic and horticultural production systems. Issn 23207078 structure of the whitefly bemisia tabaci. Bemisia argentifolii slwf are common potentially major pests in greenhouse crops.
Pdf historically, bemisia tabaci has been difficult to control with conventional insecticides in agronomic and horticultural production systems. Bemisia tabaci has been spreading into new territories and causing extensive damage for almost a century and continues to be a severe pest mainly of field crops and vegetables in many parts of the world. Bemisia tabaci background bemisia tabaci gennadius hemiptera. Silverleaf whitefly bemisia tabaci meam1 bbiotype is a major pest in cotton. Feeding by the immature sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci, can cause plant distortion, discoloration, or silvering of leaves, and may cause serious losses in some vegetable crops. Silverleaf whitefly, formerly known as bemsia argentifolii, is now officially recognized as the b biotype. Establishment of a papaya banker plant system for parasitoid, encarsia sophia hymenoptera. Control of bemisia tabaci and frankliniella occidentalis in.
Mann 5 association of bemisia tabaci with the severe cassava mosaic disease in uganda 89 winston m. Santa clara was used as a susceptible control to b. Bcas may not control an existing high population of whiteflies before. Aleyrodidae is a pest species complex that causes widespread damage to cassava, a staple food crop for millions of households in east africa. Bemisia tabaci, a polyphagous insect with over 900 host plants, is an effective vector of more than 100 plant viruses. Bemisia tabaci gennadius, commonly known as silverleaf whitefly, is a. Bemisia tabaci is an extremely polyphagous pest that causes direct damage and can act as a vector of viral plant diseases. Whitefly bemisia tabaci management program for ornamental plants1 vivek kumar, cristi palmer, cindy l. Inundative or mass releases are used when natural enemy reproduction is expected to be insufficient to. Displacement of meam1 by med is influenced also by host plant.
Thoroughly inspecting individual plants at random for the presence of. There is growing interest in finding control methods for b. Among the most important plant viruses to be transmitted by b. Naranjo3 5 1department of entomology, university of arizona, maricopa agricultural center, 37860 west smithenke road, maricopa, az 858. The honeydew attracts ants, which interfere with the activities of natural enemies that may control whiteflies and other pests. Silverleaf whitefly, bemisia tabaci predators such as lacewing larvae, lady beetles and larvae, mites, and spiders naturally control silverleaf whitefly populations. This document is eny989, one of a series of the department of entomology and nematology, ufifas extension. To control the whitefly used insecticides which increased input. Control decisions should focus on avoiding lint contamination. Aleyrodidae is a cryptic species complex composed of more than 34 putative species.
It is important to initiate application before the whitefly population increases to damage levels. Whitefly bemisia tabaci management program for ornamental. Control strategies for whitefly as a vector elysia slakie, caitlin mckee, angela. In the past 10 years, new insecticide chemistries have been introduced that provide a diversity of novel modes of action and routes of activity to effectively control whiteflies. Pdf insecticidal control and resistance management for bemisia. Pm100171 treatment of plants for planting cuttings of euphorbia pulcherrima for.
They differ from each other by causing different plant disorders, by transmiting different virus diseases, by supporting different parasitoids, by different flight patterns and by molecular markers. Species in the complex cause direct feeding damage to cassava and. Insecticidal control and resistance management for bemisia tabaci. Phytoseiidae was shown an effective biological control agent of both pests. There has been some confusion when referring to the different whitefly species andor biotypes of bemisia. Quantifying conservation biological control for management of bemisia tabaci hemiptera. The whitefly, bemisia tabaci aleyrodidae interaction with. The exact origin of the med species of bemisia tabaci, and the reasons why it became such an important pest are still not fully known med species has been identified as a distinct member within the b. Effects of plant essential oils on immature and adult. Whiteflies have long been considered a major pest of ornamental crops. Las ninfas tambien pueden inducir alteraciones fitotoxicas sindromes en ciertas hortalizas.
Thripidae are major pests in greenhouse grown cucumber crops. Aleyrodidae in tunisia, inferred from rapd markers dhia bouktila, salma elmnouchiskhiri, maha mezghanikhemakhem, hanem makni, and mohamed makni abstract the whitefly, bemisia tabaci gennadius, is one of the most damaging pests in agricultural systems worldwide. Effects of plant essential oils on immature and adult sweetpotato white. Bemisia tabaci has long been considered a complex species.
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